Internal Medicine Today
Volume:22 Issue: 4, 2016

Aims: Some severe hemodynamic changes are known as problems due to 5% lidocaine spinal anesthesia at the elderly. Such changes, also, may lead to the cardio-vascular or renal problems. The aim of this study was to compare between the hemodynamic changes in two spinal-cord anesthesia methods with 5% lidocaine (the current method) and with low 5% lidocaine dose with 50μg fentanyl in the elderly patients with a systemic blood-pressure increase history in the transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).
In the two-blinded clinical trial, 148 patients aged more than 50 years with benign prostate hypertrophy, who had referred to 15th of Khordad Hospital of Gonabad for TURP between 2011 and 2012, were studied. The subjects, selected via simple random sampling method, were randomly divided into two groups (n=74 per group). The first and the second groups underwent spinal-cord anesthesia with the administrations of 5% lidocaine (2cc; 100mg) and 5% lidocaine (1cc; 50mg) fentanyl (1cc; 50μg), respectively. Blood-pressure and heart-rate were recorded immediately after the anesthesia and at every 5 minutes. Data was analyzed by SPSS 21 software using independent T and Fisher’s exact tests.
Findings: Mean reductions in the systolic and the diastolic blood-pressures (p Without any hemodynamic instability, low lidocaine dose (50mg) with fentanyl (50μg) may result in sufficient anesthesia and no-pain in the elderly patients with a history of controlled high-pressure, who undergo TURP.

Aims: The sport activity is an important factor affecting the capillary density and angiogenesis. Nitric oxide (NO) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are the most important stimulative regulators in the angiogenesis. In addition, endostatin is one of the inhibitors of angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the adaptation in the responses of the angiogenesis inhibition and stimulating factors after 4-week increasing resistive exercises in the sedentary men.
In the semi-experimental study, 20 healthy and inactive male students, aged between 20 and 25 years, who were residents of Tehran University Dormitory, were studied in the first semester of the academic year 2015-16. The subjects, selected via available sampling method, were divided into two groups including experimental and control groups (n=10 per group). 4-week resistive exercises were done three sessions per week. Blood-sampling was done before and 48 hours after the last exercise session. VEGF, NO, and endostatin were then measured. Data was analyzed by SPSS 18 software using independent and dependent T tests, as well as Pearson correlation coefficient test.
Findings: In experimental group, VEGF and No significantly increased at the posttest stage than the pretest (p=0.001). Nevertheless, no significant difference was observed in control group (p>0.05). In both experimental and control groups, endostatin level did not significantly increase at the posttest stage than the pretest (p>0.05). In addition, VEGF and NO were the only variables that were significantly correlated (p=0.016; r=0.82).
4-week increasing resistive exercises in the sedentary men significantly affect the angiogenes stimulating factors, i. e. VEGF and NO, while such exercises do not significantly affect the angiogenesis inhibition factor, i. e. endostatin.

Aims: As a proper medium for the treatment interventions, music, which, as a non-invasive tool, is not expensive, can be used alongside other nursing cares. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of group music-therapy on the rate of the agitated behavior in the elderly women with Alzheimer.
In the controlled semi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest plan, 20 female patients with Alzheimer, aged between 65 and 75 years, were studied in Shiraz Islamic Azad University in 2015. The patients were residents of Farzanegan Nursing Home in Shiraz Township. The subjects, selected via available sampling method, were randomly divided into two groups including experimental (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. Data was collected using 10-question brief cognitive test questionnaire and CohenMansfield agitation questionnaire. Experimental group received 4-week group music-therapy consisted of three 30- to 45-minute sessions per week. There was no intervention in control group. Data was collected in both pretest and posttest stages. Data was analyzed by SPSS 19 software using covariance analysis test.
Findings: At the pretest stage, mean rates of the agitated behaviors in experimental and control groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). Nevertheless, mean rate of the agitated behaviors in experimental group was significantly reduced at the posttest stage than both the pretest stage and control group (p0.05).
The group music-therapy is an effective tool to reduce the agitated behaviors in the elderly women with Alzheimer.

Aims: Physical activities, as well as diet, are known as the truest scientific methods to reduce the signs of the cardio-vascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 8–week aerobic trainings and green tea supplementation on some of the cardio-vascular risk factors in the obese inactive women.
In the semi-experimental study, 40 obese inactive women, who were residents of Mashhad Township, were studied in 2015. The subjects, selected via purposeful available sampling method, were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10 per group). The groups were green tea, aerobic training, aerobic training and green tea supplementation, and control groups. 8-week training program consisted of three 45- to 60-minute sessions per week. Green tea was consumed by green tea group three times a day after each meal. The composed group underwent both interventions, while control group underwent no intervention. Data was analyzed by SPSS 15 software using correlated T test and one-way ANOVA.
Findings: Mean total cholesterol level was significantly changed in green tea, aerobic training, and composed groups in the posttest stage compared to the pretest stage (p 8 weeks aerobic training, green tea consumption, and their composition reduce the cardiovascular risk factors in inactive obese women in a relatively similar manner.

Aims: The beneficial effects of physical activities on migraine indices, i. e. frequency, duration, and intensity of the attacks, have been proved by different studies. Despite the fact, it is required to notice the sport characteristics, such as intensity, duration, repetition, and type of the sport, to investigate the beneficial effects of the physical activities on migraine treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the Moderate Intensity Aerobic (MIA) exercises on the migraine indices and quality of life in women with migraine.
In the controlled random semi-experimental study, 20 non-athlete women with migraine were studied in Kermanshah in 2015. The subjects were divided into two groups including control and MIA groups (n=10 per group). 8-weak MIA exercises (13-15 Borg RPE Scale) consisted of three 40-minute sessions a weak. The migraine indices of the subjects (frequency, duration, and intensity) were measured one month before and after the exercises. In addition, the quality of life and the aerobic power of the subjects were assessed 48 hours before and after the exercises. Data was analyzed by SPSS 21 software using ANCOVA, LSD post-hoc, and independent T tests.
Findings: MIA exercises resulted in significant reductions in the intensity, frequency, and duration of headache attacks, as well as an increase in the aerobic power (p MIA exercises lead to a reduction in the migraine headache, as well as an improvement in the quality of life and aerobic readiness, in the women with migraine.

Aims: Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent childhood neurological disorders. As the primary caregivers, the mothers of epileptic children undergo different psychological pressures. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of empowerment on the self-efficacy of the mothers of the epileptic children, concerning psychological adaptation, gaining support, and receiving information.
In the controlled two-group random clinical trial with pretest and posttest steps, 100 mothers of epileptic children hospitalized in the Neurology Ward of Ghaem Hospital of Mashhad were studied in 2014. The subjects, selected via convenience sampling method, were randomly divided into two groups including experimental (n=50) and control (n=50) groups. Data was collected using the caregiver’s self-efficacy questionnaire. Only experimental group received the empowerment program, and no intervention was conducted in control group. The mothers’ self-efficacy was measured before and after the intervention in both groups. Data was analyzed by SPSS 11.5 software using independent T, paired T, Chi-square, Fisher’s exact, and covariance tests.
Findings: The mean scores of self-efficacy, including psychological adjustment, gain a support, and receiving information, were not significantly different between the groups before the intervention (p>0.05). Nevertheless, the groups were significantly different after the intervention (p The empowerment program enhances the self-efficacy of the mothers of the epileptic children in psychological adjustment, gain a support, and receiving information.

Aims: Recently, homocysteine has been noticed as the major pathogenesis factor of the cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of physical activities on the serum homocysteine levels, as well as other cardiovascular risk factors in either obese or overweight women.
In the controlled pretest-posttest semi-experimental study, 18 women referred to the Alzahra sport complexes in districts 3 and 4 of Tehran were studied in 2015. The subjects were selected via random sampling method and randomly divided into two groups; physical activity and control groups. And the intervention program was conducted in the former, while the latter received no intervention. The exercise protocol consisted of 10-week (5 sessions a week) stretching exercises and aerobic activities (60 to 75% of the maximum heart beat). The serum homocystein level and lipids were measured both at the start and 48 hours after the exercises. Data was analyzed by SPSS 16 software using paired T and independent T tests.
Findings: After the exercises, the mean serum homocysteine level in physical activity group significantly decreased than control group (p=0.001). Nevertheless, the difference between the lipid levels of physical activity and control groups was not significant (p>0.05).
Reducing the serum homocysteine concentration, 10-week physical activity might also reduce the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in either obese or overweight women.

Aims: One of the most prevalent gastrointestinal functional disorders is the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Different medical and psychological treatments are conducted to control the symptoms of the disease. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the cognitive-behavioral stress management training on the severity of the symptoms and emotional welfare of patients with IBS.
In the controlled pretest-posttest clinical trial study, 30 patients with IBS were studied in Ardabil in 2012. The subjects, selected via available sampling method, were randomly divided into two groups including experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. Data was collected using the IBS severity questionnaire, the characteristic positive and negative affection scale, and the life satisfaction scale. Ten 90-minute group cognitive-behavioral stress management treatment sessions were conducted in experimental group. The subjects were assessed at both pretest and posttest steps. Data was analyzed by SPSS 20 software using multivariate covariance analysis test.
Findings: The mean scores of positive affection, negative affection, life satisfaction, and IBS symptom severity of experimental and control groups were significantly different at the posttest step (p The cognitive-emotional stress management treatment can reduce the severity of the symptoms, while it can increase the emotional welfare, in the patients with IBS.

Aims: As a growing problem, obesity is one of the most important worldwide health problems. One of the major factors leading to obesity is the sedentary lifestyle. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of motivational interviewing on the physical activity intention in the obese or overweight women, using the protection motivation theory (PMT).
In the clinical trial study, 60 obese or overweight women referred to the health centers of Gorgan were studied in 2015. The subjects, selected via non-probable and available sampling method, were randomly divided into two groups including control and motivational interviewing groups. Data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire before the intervention and 2 and 6 months after in both groups. Data was analyzed by SPSS 18 software using independent T, Chi-square, repeated measures ANOVA, LSD, and one-variable and multivariable linear regression tests.
Findings: The scores of all the constructs of PMT in motivational interviewing group significantly increased 2 and 6 months after he intervention (p0.05). The most powerful constructs predicting the intention towards the physical activities 2 months after the intervention were perceived-reply efficiency, self-efficiency, and perceived intensity, successively. In addition, such factors 6 months after the intervention were attitude and perceived intensity, successively.
The motivational interviewing increases the scores of all the constructs of PMT, which leads to an increase in the physical activity intention in the obese or overweight women.

Aims: Following the sport activities, the blood homeostasis system, being affected by fibrinolysis and coagulation factors, is changed. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval and concurrent (aerobic-resistance) long-term sport courses on the blood fibrinolysis and coagulation parameters in healthy non-athlete young persons.
In the semi-experimental study, 30 healthy non-athlete young men were studied in Saqez in 2014. The subjects, selected via simple available sampling method, were randomly divided into three groups including concurrent (aerobic-resistance) trainings, high-intensity interval trainings, and control groups. 8-week trainings (3 times a week) were conducted in both concurrent and high-intensity interval groups. Blood sampling was done before the first session and 30 minutes after the last training session. Data was analyzed by SPSS 19 software using dependent T, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey’s post-hoc tests.
Findings: After the training intervention, the number of platelits and the fibrinogen level significantly decreased in concurrent group. In addition, prothrombin time in high-intensity interval group and the D-dimer level in both training groups significantly increased (p 8-week high-intensity interval and concurrent trainings reduce the promoter coagulation activity in the helthy non-athlete young men, while increase the fibrinolytic activity.

Aims: Adriamycin is one of the anti-cancer medications. Nevertheless, the medication causes renal damage. Curcuma longa has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Curcuma longa on renal damage due to Adriamycin in the rat.
In the experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats were studied. Via simple random method, the rats were divided into four groups including control, Adriamycin (5mg/Kg), Curcuma longa extract (1000mg/Kg), and Curcuma longa extract with Adriamycin groups. The groups underwent 5-week treatment. 24-hour urine samples were collected at days 0, 6, 10, 14, 21, 28, and 35, to measure glomerular filtration rate. The left kidney of the animal was used to determine the renal damage percentage. Data was analyzed by SPSS 16 software using one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s post-hoc, and paired T tests.
Findings: Mean of glomerular filtration rate in Adriamycin group significantly decreased at days 21 and 35 compared to days 0 and 6. In addition, it significantly increased in Curcuma longa extract group at days 10, 14, 21, and 28 (p Hydroalcoholic extract of Curcuma longa reduces the renal damage percentage caused by Adriamycin in the rat, while improves glomerular filtration rate.

Aims: In traditional medicine, dill (Anethum graveolens) is known as the reducer of glucose, lipid and cholesterol. Physical exercises are also from the main methods of controlling and treating diabetes and hyperlipidemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of swimming exercises for 6 weeks, hydroalcoholic extracts of Anethum graveolens and their combination on lipid profile of diabetic rats.
In this experimental research, 48 Sprague Dawley male rats were randomly chosen and were divided into 4 groups (swimming training, hydroalcoholic extracts of dill, swimming exercises with hydroalcoholic extracts of dill, control), one week after induction of diabetes. Interventions were 6 weeks (5 sessions per week for 30min per session) of swimming exercises and intraperitoneal daily usage of 100mg/kg hydroalcoholic extracts of dill. After that, blood sampling was done from all samples to analyze the lipid profiles. Data was analyzed by dependent T, one way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests.
Findings: Using hydroalcoholic extracts of dill, swimming exercises and their combination for 6 weeks had significant effect on reduction of LDL, VLDL, TG and Cholesterol of diabetic rats (p=0.001). Swimming exercises plus extract usage had more decreasing effect on LDL (p=0.008) and cholesterol (p=0.01) than extract usage alone had. In addition, The combination treatment had more increasing effect on HDL than just extract (p=0.001) and just exercise (p=0.01) had.
Although 6 weeks of swimming exercises and usage of hydroalcoholic extracts of dill improves the lipid profile of diabetic rats, their combination treatment method is more effective.

Aims: The installation of intravenous catheter is an unpleasant and painful experience for many patients. Then, it is necessary to provide new methods to either reduce or remove pain in the patients’ injection point. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of positioning (either sitting or lying) during the installation of intravenous catheter on pain level and the following anxiety in the patients.
Instrument & In the two-blinded clinical trial study, 60 patients hospitalized in the internal wards of Arak Amir-Al-Momenin Hospital were studied in 2015. The subjects selected via available method were divided into two groups including sitting and supine groups based on the simple random allocation. The pain severity and anxiety severity indices were investigated in both groups before and after the venipuncture based on the visual analogue scale (VAS). Data was analyzed by SPSS 20 software using Chi-square, paired-T, and independent T tests.
Findings: Mean scores of anxiety before the venipuncture in both groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). Nevertheless, after the venipuncture, mean anxiety score and mean pain score in sitting group were significantly more than supine group (p=0.0001). In addition, mean scores of anxiety before and after the venipuncture in the supine group were significantly different (p=0.0001). However, no significant difference was observed between the scores before and after the venipuncture in sitting group (p>0.05).
During the installation of intravenous catheter, the supine position can reduce the pain level and the following anxiety in the patients compared to the sitting position.

Aims: There is a prevalence of dysmenorrhea in women. The treatment of the disease includes medication and non-medication treatments. The non-medication treatments, such as acupressure, are recently noticed by the patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pressure on the tenth spleen point on the pain severity in the primary dysmenorrhea.
In this one-blind random clinical trial, 100 female students with primary dysmenorrhea, who were residents of the dormitories of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, were studied in 2012. The subjects, selected via purposeful sampling method, were divided into control (n=50) and intervention (n=50) groups based on the randomization program. Data was collected by a demographic questionnaire, the pain ruler, and the visual scale. The pressure medicine and its application, the tenth spleen point, way to find the point, and its massage method were trained in intervention group. There was no intervention in control group. The pain severity was measured before the intervention and one, two, and three months after it. Data was analyzed by SPSS 16 software using Chi-square and independent T tests.
Findings: There was no significant difference between control and intervention groups in mean pain severity (p=0.143). Therefore, the groups were the same in the pain severity. There were significant differences in the first, the second, and the third months after the intervention between the groups. In addition, there was a reduction in pain severity after 3 months in intervention group (p Pressure on the tenth spleen point is effective on the reduction of pain severity in the primary dysmenorrhea.